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We have finished the simanim of the Chayei Adam regarding kiddush, and we are clarifying
additional points not mentioned in the Chayei Adam. We left off discussing the chiyuv chinuch for ketanim regarding kiddush. If a child did not recite kiddush on Friday Night, or havdalah on motzei Shabbos, what is the halacha? We know that some poskim hold there is no halacha of hashlama (making up) on a chiyuv chinuch, for example, a missed tefilah. However, we do not look at the mitzvah of making up kiddush on Shabbos morning as a tashlumin, but rather that a person has recited kiddush (to demonstrate the chashivus of Shabbos) sometime over Shabbos. While, preferably, this recitation takes place at the beginning of Shabbos, it can take place at any time. If so, reciting the Friday Night kiddush on Shabbos Day is not tashlumin, but the same mitzvah of kiddush. If so, the child is chayav in it as well.
Once the child is at the age to be chayav in kiddush, a) they are chayav in the concept of kiddush b’mokom seudah as well. b) The amount they have to drink from the kos is melo lugmav, and we have learned that melo lugmav depends on the size of the person’s mouth. Since their mouths are smaller, their melo lugmav will be smaller as well.
- c) Regarding eating before kiddush, we have learned that the issur of eating before kiddush does not apply to children.
Regarding havdalah, if the katan missed havdalah on Motzei Shabbos, they should make havdalah on Sunday. They do not make the bracha on the fire or besamim, nor do they recite the pesukim at the beginning.
We need to discuss which parts of kiddush on Friday Night must be heard/recited in order to be yotzei. The parts which are determinative are maaseh bereishis, zecher l’yitzias mitzrayim, and the gift of Shabbos. The paragraph begins with veratza banu . . b’ahavah u’veratzon, which discusses the gift of Shabbos. The pasuk continues to mention maaseh bereishis and yetzias mitzrayim.
Before reciting mekadeish hashabbos, the person must end a bracha with something similar to how it began.
The Sefer Nishmas Shabbos raises the question and mentions that he has a list of what is meakeiv, but does not actually bring it down. Based on the above, as long as one touches on these points and the bracha, they are yotzei. According to the Shulchan Aruch, one must understand the meakeiv parts of the bracha, while according to the Rema, just hearing the mekadeish is sufficient.
It seems that the following is true:
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה’ אֱלהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעולָם. meakeiv
אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְותָיו וְרָצָה בָנוּ. questionable
וְשַׁבַּת קָדְשׁו בְּאַהֲבָה וּבְרָצון הִנְחִילָנוּ. meakeiv
זִכָּרון לְמַעֲשֵׂה בְרֵאשִׁית meakeiv
. כִּי הוּא יום תְּחִלָּה לְמִקְרָאֵי קדֶשׁ not meakeiv
זֵכֶר לִיצִיאַת מִצְרָיִם. meakeiv
כִּי בָנוּ בָחַרְתָּ וְאותָנוּ קִדַּשְׁתָּ מִכָּל הָעַמִּים not meakeiv
וְשַׁבַּת קָדְשְׁךָ בְּאַהֲבָה וּבְרָצון הִנְחַלְתָּנוּ: meakeiv
בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה’. מְקַדֵּשׁ הַשַּׁבָּת: meakeiv
Summary
- A katan who misses kiddush on Friday Night (or havdalah on motzei shabbos) will recite it on Shabbos morning.
- Once they are chayav in kiddush, they are chayav in kiddush b’mokom seudah as well, but there is no issur for them to eat before hearing kiddush.
- They should drink a malei lugmav, based on the size of their mouths.
- Minimally, a person must mention or hear maaseh bereishis, zecher l’yitzias mitzrayim, the gift of Shabbos, and the bracha of mekadeish hashabbos to be yotzei their chiyuv kiddush.
